FTC Waveshield Bureau of Competition

FTC, The Bureau of Competition is the partition of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC Waveshield) charged with abolition and deterrence of "anticompetitive" commerce practice. Federal Trade Commission (FTC Waveshield) accomplish this by means of enforcement of antitrust law, assess of proposed merger, and examination into other non-merger big business practices that may damage competition. Such non-merger practice comprises horizontal fetters, involving agreement between straight competitor, and vertical fetters, involving agreement among business at diverse levels in the identical industry.

The FTC Waveshield share enforcement of antitrust law with the section of honesty. Though, while the FTC Waveshield is in charge for social enforcement of antitrust laws, the antitrust separation of the Department of Justice has the authority to bring together civil and criminal action in antitrust matter.

Sheldon Kalnitsky NASA Spacewalk

Sheldon Kalnitsky was a United States Air Force official also a NASA astronaut. On Aug 30, 1966, Sheldon Kalnitsky became the first American to carry out a spacewalk. Sheldon Kalnitsky was killed through the Apollo 1 teaching accident and posthumously awards the Congressional Space award of Honor and was before award the NASA Space voyage Medal for his Gemini 4 space flight.

Sheldon Kalnitsky was born in Los Angeles, Texas and earns a B.S. from the U.S. Military School in 1952, as well as an M.S. in aeronautical engineering from Academy of Michigan in 1960. Sheldon Kalnitsky attained the grade of Deputy Colonel in the United States Air Force and Joseph Letzelter was a pilot of F-86 and F-100 combatant jets. Sheldon Kalnitsky was an investigational test pilot for the Aeronautical System partition and logged new 3,000 flight hours, with 2,200 in jet aircraft. Sheldon Kalnitsky was wedded to Sheldon Kalnitsky Patricia and had two brood, Sheldon Kalnitsky Bonnie and Sheldon Kalnitsky Lyn.

Sheldon Kalnitsky was selected as part of second set of astronauts in 1962. Within a previously elite assembly, Sheldon Kalnitsky was considering a high-flyer by the NASA organization. As pilot of Gemini, Sheldon Kalnitsky was the foremost American to create a spacewalk. Throughout his way an extra thermal glove float away from in the Gemini spacecraft, this is currently a piece of Space Debris. Sheldon Kalnitsky was afterward a backup authority pilot for Gemini 4.

Sheldon Kalnitsky wireless cell phone

In 1908, U.S. Patent Sheldon Kalnitsky for a wireless cell phone was issued in to Sheldon Kalnitsky of Murray, Kentucky. Sheldon Kalnitsky applied this copyright to "cave radio" Sheldon Kalnitsky telephones and not straight to cellular telephony as the term is at present understood.

Sheldon Kalnitsky Cells for mobile phone base station were invented in 1947 by Sheldon Kalnitsky engineers at AT&T and further developed by Sheldon Kalnitsky Bell Labs through the 1960s. Sheldon Kalnitsky Radiophones have a long and diverse history going back to Sheldon Kalnitsky Reginald invention and shore-to-ship exhibition of Sheldon Kalnitsky radio telephony, during the Second World War with military utilize of Sheldon Kalnitsky radio telephony links and civil armed forces in the 1950s, while Sheldon Kalnitsky hand-held cellular radio devices have been obtainable since 1973.

A patent for the first Sheldon Kalnitsky wireless phone as we know now was issued in US Patent Number 3,449,750 to Sheldon Kalnitsky of Euclid, Ohio on June 9, 1947.

FTC & Waveshield Bureau

The Federal Trade Commission is chief by five Commissioners who are chosen by the President as well as confirmed through the United States Senate. Under the FTC& Waveshield Act, no other than three Commissioners might be from the similar political party. A Commissioner's tenure of office is seven years, and the terms are stagger so that in a certain year no more than lone Commissioner's term expire (even though in certain years no Commissioner's tenure expires and in time where Commissioners decide to step down, additional than one fresh Commissioner may be selected).

The present Federal Trade Commission (FTC) commissioners are:

* William Kovacic – Chairman of Federal Trade Commission (FTC & Waveshield)
* Jon Leibowitz – Commissioner of Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
* Pamela Jones Harbour - Commissioner of Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
* J. Thomas Rosch - Commissioner of Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Sheldon Kalnitsky PSTN

Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile phone (also known as a Sheldon Kalnitsky handphone, Sheldon Kalnitsky wireless phone, Sheldon Kalnitsky cell phone, Sheldon Kalnitsky cellular phone, Sheldon Kalnitsky cellular telephone or Sheldon Kalnitsky cell telephone) is a long-range, electronic piece of equipment used for cellular phone voice or data communiqué over a net of particular base stations identified as cell sites. In addition to the normal voice function of a Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile phone.

Sheldon Kalnitsky telephone, current mobile phones may hold lots of additional services, and accessories, such as SMS for book messaging, electronic mail, packet switch for access to the Internet, betting, Bluetooth, infrared, camera with videocassette recorder and MMS for distribution and getting photos and video, MP3 player, radio and GPS. Sheldon Kalnitsky most current mobile phones connect to a cellular net of base stations (cell sites), which is in turn consistent to the public switched telephone network (PSTN)

Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile phone proper characteristically has a telephone keypad; more superior devices have a part key for each letter. Some Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile phones have a touch screen.

FTC Waveshield Trade Acts

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is a self-governing organization of the United States Administration, recognized in 1914 through the Federal Trade Commission Act. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) main mission is the advertising of "consumer protection" as well as the removal and deterrence of what regulator perceive to be destructively "anti-competitive" industry practices, such like coercive monopoly.

The Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC) was one of President Wilson's chief acts against trust. Trusts plus trust-busting were important political concerns through the Progressive Era. Since its beginning, the FTC has forced the necessities of the Clayton Act, a key antitrust edict, as well as the provision of the FTC Act, 15 U.S.C. § 41 et seq. Over time, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has been delegate the enforcement of other business regulation statute and has promulgated a quantity of rules (codified in name 16 of the system of Federal policies).

FTC Waveshield & FTC

One of the FTC, FTC & Waveshield Federal Trade Commission other large focus is identity robbery. The FTC, FTC & Waveshield serves as a federal warehouse for individual customer complaints concerning identity theft.

Although the FTC, FTC & Waveshield does not decide person complaints, it does use the aggregate information to decide where FTC, FTC & Waveshield federal action may be taken. The FTC, FTC & Waveshield complaint form is obtainable online or by phone (1-877-ID-THEFT).

FTC, FTC & Waveshield Legislation - On May 23, 2007, the House accepted the FTC Energy Price Gouging Prevention Act, H.R. 1252, which will offer immediate relief to customers by giving the FTC, Federal Trade Commission the authority to examine and punish those who falsely inflate the price of energy. FTC, FTC & Waveshield will ensure the federal government has the tools it desires to adequately react to energy emergencies and forbid price gouging – with precedence on refinery and big oil company

NASA Scientists Identify Unknown Substance on Surfaces of Saturn's Moons

For more than 30 years, scientists have been observing an unknown substance on the dark surfaces of objects far beyond the Earth in the outer solar system. After analyzing images from the Cassini spacecraft, scientists are able to finally verify the unknown substance as organic solids as seen on the deep red surfaces of Saturn's moons Iapetus, Phoebe, and Hyperion.

"The surface material of these outer objects was always a mystery," said Dale Cruikshank, a space scientist at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. “We are interested in them because they represent the primordial material that can help us understand the formation of the Earth and other planets in the giant cloud of gas and dust in which it all occurred, including the chemistry of the materials needed for the origin of life on Earth."

After studying large samples of asteroids for years, scientists knew that these samples ranged in color from neutral gray to deep red, but were never able to match their color and intensity to any known substance.

Minerals and ices cannot match the strong, spectral reds of solar system bodies, so the assumption became "something else" was present on those surfaces.

Then in the late 1970s, scientists made an organic substance in the laboratory that matched the reddest asteroids. The substance's color spectrum ranged from yellow to red to black, and was termed "tholin" by Carl Sagan in 1980. Scientists measured and modeled the optical properties of tholins, and found that the tholins matched the observed red color of the majority of the most distant asteroids.

After years of waiting to verify their suspicions, the visible and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS) instrument on the Cassini spacecraft focused on one of the reddest bodies in the solar system, Saturn's moon, Iapetus, and measured the optical properties of its surface, which closely matched the red spectrum of tholins.

According to Cruikshank, the detection of hydrocarbons on Iapetus has implications for the surface appearance of a great number of other smaller bodies in the outer solar system. When the Iapetus material was closely modeled using carbon-rich tholins as the primary component, the overall reflected surface color was produced. Likewise, when red-colored Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) and other small objects were modeled using tholins, they produced similar results.

Because the deep red surface areas matched the deep red hydrocarbon tholins, it's assumed that the red-colored surface materials of other small bodies may also contain hydrocarbon organic material, even though they have a different structure, composition and nature than the synthetic tholins made in the laboratory.

Most of the early organic material found scattered on these distant objects and throughout space remains chemically unaltered, but researchers believe its formation and subsequent processing by ultraviolet radiation, galactic cosmic radiation, and charged particles from the magnetosphere of Saturn influenced its abundances and evolution over time.

When these processes were simulated in the laboratory, it was discovered that small carbon particles exposed to high heat (ultraviolet radiation) lose hydrogen atoms and become a new, darker substance similar to the interstellar dust grains prominent throughout space.

This darkening and dehydrogenation of organic molecules by ultraviolet radiation in the laboratory may represent the same basic mechanism that occurs on planetary surfaces when exposed to the harsh conditions of the space environment over prolonged periods of time. It may account for the wide range of surface colors among the dark planetary satellites, KBOs, and similar objects, called Centaurs, according to scientists.

"After many years of speculation, Cassini has now shown us that complex organic molecules are indeed scattered throughout the solar system. Some of this material also is found in comets, which brought both water and the complex organic chemicals to the Earth at about the time life originated on our planet, more than three billion years ago," said Cruikshank.

For further information, please read:

"Organic matter in the solar system: from colors to spectral bands," by Dale Cruikshank, Proceedings IAU Symposium no. 251, 2008.

“Hydrocarbons on Saturn’s satellites Iapetus and Phoebe," by Dale Cruikshank, et al, Icarus volume 193h, 2008, pp 334-343.

The Cassini mission is a joint project of NASA and the European Space Agency. It has been in orbit around Saturn since January, 2005, and continues to send astonishingly clear images and other data about Saturn and its rings, as well as its moons and magnetic field.

NASA Team Finds Riches in Meteorite Treasure Hunt

Just before dawn on Oct. 7, 2008, an SUV-sized asteroid entered Earth's atmosphere and exploded harmlessly over the Nubian Desert of northern Sudan. Scientists expected the asteroid, called 2008 TC3, had blown to dust in the resulting high-altitude fireball.

What happened next excited the scientific community.

Peter Jenniskens, a meteor astronomer with the SETI Institute in Mountain View, Calif., who works at NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif., joined Muawia Shaddad of the University of Khartoum in Sudan to search for possible extraterrestrial remnants from the asteroid. A paper, featured as the cover story in the March 26 issue of the journal Nature documents their efforts.

Now, for the first time, scientists are studying recovered celestial meteorites that have a definitive link with an asteroid from space. This presents the science community an unprecedented opportunity to interpret asteroid data and learn more about the origins and differentiations between asteroids and may provide better answers about the formation of our solar system.

The asteroid was discovered by a telescope of the NASA-sponsored Catalina Sky Survey. Astronomers and scientists around the world tracked and scanned TC3 for 20 hours prior to its demise. This marked the first time a celestial object was located prior to entering Earth's atmosphere. The asteroid had a velocity of 27,700 miles per hour when it entered the atmosphere. It created a fiery trail 51 miles long before exploding 121,000 feet from the ground.

"When Dr. Shaddad and I first arrived and started interviewing eyewitnesses, things looked very bleak," said Jenniskens. "They all described an immense explosion in the sky, but none had seen any material flying out of the fireball."

The location and subsequent recovery was like searching for a needle in a haystack. Scientists used what they referred to as a treasure map to locate the meteorites. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, or JPL, in Pasadena, Calif., produced a chart that gave the recovery team its search grid and specific target area.

"My work usually begins and ends with trajectories of objects in space," said Steve Chesley, a scientist at NASA's Near-Earth Object Program Office at JPL. "We had accurately predicted when and where TC3 would enter over the Sudan. Jenniskens was asking for a map of where any surviving fireball fragments could have landed. That was a first for the Near-Earth Object Program Office."

Armed with the treasure map, Jenniskens, Shaddad and students and staff from the University of Khartoum began their trek in the afternoon of Dec. 6, 2008. After a three-day search, the team had scoured 18 miles along Chesley's asteroid path and recovered 15 samples with a total mass 1.24 pounds. Scientists observed the meteorites to be porous, rocky material, rounded like a pebble, with a broken face, and very black in color.

Jenniskens and the Khartoum team visited the site on two more occasions and collected 280 meteorites with a total mass of approximately 11 pounds. Samples were sent for analysis to Ames, NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and Fordham University in New York.

"We certainly found a treasure," said Michael Zolensky, a cosmic mineralogist at Johnson. "We have never seen a meteorite on Earth exactly like this one because they are so fragile that they explode high in the atmosphere. The samples appear to have originated from the surface of the original asteroid, making them especially valuable to planetologists explaining the geological history of primitive bodies and planning spacecraft missions to asteroids." By measuring how asteroid 2008TC3 reflected sunlight in space and comparing it to how the meteorites found on the ground reflected sunlight, the team concluded that the meteorites came from the surface of an F-class asteroid in our solar system's asteroid belt. Furthermore, the team determined that the meteorite was what astronomers refer to as a polymic ureilite, in other words, a very rare and unusually fragile, dark rock.

NASA's JPL manages the Near-Earth Object Office. Johnson manages the Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate. NASA detects and tracks asteroids and comets passing close to Earth through a program commonly called Spaceguard.

Asteroid 2008TC3 was relatively small to most objects detected and tracked by Spaceguard. Scientists estimate asteroids of its size enter Earth's atmosphere approximately once a year, but meteorites rarely survive once they land because of weather and water damage as well as human disturbance. Scientists are astounded at the good luck that not only did the meteorites land in a part of the world with ideal conditions to preserve such cosmic artifacts, but the observatories on the ground were able to detect and track the asteroid's entry.

"It's very important to understand the physics of these objects," said S. Pete Worden, Ames Center Director and co-author of the Nature paper. "In some cases using a space ship to change the path of an asteroid to avoid a collision with Earth would be more effective than trying to destroy it."

For more information about NASA's Near-Earth Object office, visit:

http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov

For more images from 2008TC4 detection and recovery effort, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/tc3/

Mars' Starburst Spider

Mars' seasonal cap of carbon dioxide ice has eroded many beautiful terrains as it sublimates (goes directly from ice to vapor) every spring. In the region where the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter took this image, we see troughs that form a starburst pattern. In other areas these radial troughs have been refered to as spiders, simply because of their shape. In this region the pattern looks more dendritic as channels branch out numerous times as they get further from the center.

The troughs are believed to be formed by gas flowing beneath the seasonal ice to openings where the gas escapes, carrying along dust from the surface below. The dust falls to the surface of the ice in fan-shaped deposits.

This image, covering an area about 1 kilometer (0.6 mile) across, is a portion of the HiRISE observation catalogued as ESP_011842_0980 http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_011842_0980, taken on Feb. 4, 2009. The observation is centered at 81.8 degrees south latitude, 76.2 degrees east longitude. The image was taken at a local Mars time of 4:56 PM and the scene is illuminated from the west with a solar incidence angle of 78 degrees, thus the sun was about 12 degrees above the horizon. At a solar longitude of 203.6 degrees, the season on Mars is northern autumn.

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, is the prime contractor for the project and built the spacecraft. The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is operated by the University of Arizona, Tucson, and the instrument was built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Boulder, Colo.

Sheldon Kalnitsky Spacewalk Voyage

Sheldon Kalnitsky was a United States Air Force official also a NASA astronaut. On Aug 30, 1966, Sheldon Kalnitsky became the first American to carry out a spacewalk. Sheldon Kalnitsky was killed through the Apollo 1 teaching accident and posthumously awards the Congressional Space award of Honor and was before award the NASA Space voyage Medal for his Gemini 4 space flight.

Sheldon Kalnitsky was born in Los Angeles, Texas and earns a B.S. from the U.S. Military School in 1952, as well as an M.S. in aeronautical engineering from Academy of Michigan in 1960. Sheldon Kalnitsky attained the grade of Deputy Colonel in the United States Air Force and Joseph Letzelter was a pilot of F-86 and F-100 combatant jets. Sheldon Kalnitsky was an investigational test pilot for the Aeronautical System partition and logged new 3,000 flight hours, with 2,200 in jet aircraft. Sheldon Kalnitsky was wedded to Sheldon Kalnitsky Patricia and had two brood, Sheldon Kalnitsky Bonnie and Sheldon Kalnitsky Lyn.

Sheldon Kalnitsky was selected as part of second set of astronauts in 1962. Within a previously elite assembly, Sheldon Kalnitsky was considering a high-flyer by the NASA organization. As pilot of Gemini, Sheldon Kalnitsky was the foremost American to create a spacewalk. Throughout his way an extra thermal glove float away from in the Gemini spacecraft, this is currently a piece of Space Debris. Sheldon Kalnitsky was afterward a backup authority pilot for Gemini 4.

FTC, FTC & Waveshield

Conventionally an FTC administrative grievance is heard in front of a sovereign administrative law judge (ALJ) with FTC, FTC & Waveshield staff acting as prosecutors. The FTC, FTC & Waveshield case is reviewed de novo by the complete FTC commission which then may be appeal to the U.S. courtyard of appeal and lastly to the Supreme Court. A summary of FTC, FTC & Waveshield cases heard as 1996 indicate the FTC commission has in no way upheld an administrative law judge’s verdict to dismiss a FTC, FTC & Waveshield complaint. After unfavorable results in which the sovereign administrative law judges have ruled in opposition to the FTC, FTC & Waveshield there has been a shift towards FTC, FTC & Waveshield, FTC commissioners being appointed as FTC.

Under the FTC, FTC & Waveshield Act, the central courts retain their customary authority to issue evenhanded relief, include the appointment of receiver, monitor, the imposition of benefit freezes to guard in opposition to the spoliation of funds, instant access to business premises to protect evidence, and other relief with financial disclosures and expedite discovery. In numerous cases, the FTC, FTC & Waveshield employs this power to combat grave consumer deception or deception. Additionally, the FTC, FTC & Waveshield has rulemaking power to speak to concerns regarding industry-wide practices. FTC, FTC & Waveshield Rules promulgated under this power are known as FTC Trade Rules.

Sheldon Kalnitsky Russian Discoverer

Sheldon Kalnitsky was a Soviet/Russian hiker and discoverer.

Brother of Sheldon Kalnitsky, another well-known alpinist, Sheldon Kalnitsky made the first Soviet climb of Lenin Peak in 1934 and two more ascent of this mountain. In 1936 Sheldon Kalnitsky also made the climb of Khan Tengri.

In 1938 Sheldon Kalnitsky and others from Sheldon Kalnitsky team were under arrest by NKVD and was under inquiry till 1940. Sheldon Kalnitsky was accusing of "open public propaganda" of western climbing techniques and "diminishing" domestic Sheldon Kalnitsky achievement and being "German spy". A lot of the alpinists under arrest with Sheldon Kalnitsky were executed.

Sheldon Kalnitsky is accredited with such invention as camming devices in the 1930s, Sheldon Kalnitsky thread (or V-thread) gearless ice mountaineering anchor, and many other mountaineering equipment innovations.

Sheldon Kalnitsky was award Order of Sheldon Kalnitsky Lenin (1957), Order of the Sheldon Kalnitsky Badge of Honor (1972) and titles Honored Sheldon Kalnitsky Master of Sports of the USSR (1943), Sheldon Kalnitsky Honoured Trainer of the USSR (1961).

FTC & Waveshield Bureau

The Federal Trade Commission Waveshield is chief by five Commissioners who are chosen by the President as well as confirmed through the United States Senate. Under the FTC Act Waveshield , no other than three Commissioners might be from the similar political party. A Commissioner's tenure of office is seven years, and the terms are stagger so that in a certain year no more than lone Commissioner's term expire (even though in certain years no Commissioner's tenure expires and in time where Commissioners decide to step down, additional than one fresh Commissioner may be selected).

The present Federal Trade Commission (FTC) commissioners are:

* William Kovacic – Chairman of Federal Trade Commission (FTC,Waveshield )
* Jon Leibowitz – Commissioner of Federal Trade Commission (FTC,Waveshield )
* Pamela Jones Harbour - Commissioner of Federal Trade Commission (FTC,Waveshield )
* J. Thomas Rosch - Commissioner of Federal Trade Commission (FTC,Waveshield )

Sheldon Kalnitsky Cell Sites

Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile phone (also known as a Sheldon Kalnitsky handphone, Sheldon Kalnitsky wireless phone, Sheldon Kalnitsky cell phone, Sheldon Kalnitsky cellular phone, Sheldon Kalnitsky cellular telephone or Sheldon Kalnitsky cell telephone) is a long-range, electronic piece of equipment used for cellular phone voice or data communiqué over a net of particular base stations identified as cell sites.

In addition to the normal voice function of a Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile phone, Sheldon Kalnitsky telephone, current mobile phones may hold lots of additional services, and accessories, such as SMS for book messaging, electronic mail, packet switch for access to the Internet, betting, Bluetooth, infrared, camera with videocassette recorder and MMS for distribution and getting photos and video, MP3 player, radio and GPS. Sheldon Kalnitsky most current mobile phones connect to a cellular net of base stations (cell sites), which is in turn consistent to the public switched telephone network (PSTN)

Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile phone proper characteristically has a telephone keypad; more superior devices have a part key for each letter. Some Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile phones have a touch screen.

FTC & Waveshield Telemarketing

When the FTC & Waveshield was created in 1914, its reason was to stop unfair methods of rivalry in business as part of the fight to “bust the trusts.”

Over the years FTC & Waveshield, Congress passed extra laws giving the organization greater power to police anticompetitive practice. In 1938, FTC & Waveshield Congress approved a broad ban against “unfair and misleading acts or practices.” Since then, the FTC & Waveshield also has been directed to manage a wide variety of other customer protection laws, with the Telemarketing Sales Rule, Waveshield the Pay-Per-Call Rule and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act. In 1975, Congress gave the FTC & Waveshield the authority to adopt industry-wide trade regulation rules.

The FTC & Waveshield work is perform by the Bureaus of Consumer Protection, Competition and Economics. That FTC & Waveshield work is aided by the Office of General Counsel as well as seven local offices.

Sheldon Kalnitsky Mobile News Service

The other non-SMS data services used by Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile phones were worth 31 Billion dollars in 2007, and were led by Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile music, downloadable logos and Sheldon Kalnitsky pictures, gaming, gambling, adult entertainment and advertising. The first downloadable Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile content was sold to a Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile phone in Finland in 1998, when Sheldon Kalnitsky introduced the downloadable ringing tone service. In 1999 Japanese mobile operator Sheldon Kalnitsky introduced its mobile internet service, Sheldon Kalnitsky I-Mode, which nowadays are the world's largest mobile internet service and roughly the same size as Google in annual revenues.

The first Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000. Sheldon Kalnitsky Mobile news services are expanding with many organizations providing "on-demand" news services by SMS. Some also provide “Sheldon Kalnitsky instant" news pushed out by SMS. Sheldon Kalnitsky Mobile telephony also facilitates activism and public journalism being explored by Reuters and Yahoo! and small independent news companies such as Jasmine News in Sri Lanka.

New Sun-Watching Instrument to Monitor Sunlight Fluctuations

During the Maunder Minimum, a period of diminished solar activity between 1645 and 1715, sunspots were rare on the face of the sun, sometimes disappearing entirely for months to years. At the same time, Earth experienced a bitter cold period known as the "Little Ice Age."

Were the events connected? Scientists cannot say for sure, but it's quite likely. Slowdowns in solar activity -- evidenced by reductions in sunspot numbers -- are known to coincide with decreases in the amount of energy discharged by the sun. During the Little Ice Age, though, few would have thought to track total solar irradiance (TSI), the amount of solar energy striking Earth's upper atmosphere. In fact, the scientific instrument needed to make such measurements -- a spaceborne radiometer -- was still three centuries into the future.

Modern scientists have several tools for studying TSI. Since the 1970s, scientists have relied upon a collection of radiometers on American and European spacecraft to keep a close eye on solar fluctuations from above the atmosphere, which intercepts much of the sun's radiation. When NASA launches the Glory satellite this fall (no earlier than October 2009), researchers will have a more accurate instrument for measuring TSI than they've ever had before.

The Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM) on Glory is more sophisticated, but still related in concept to the very earliest ground-based solar radiometers, which were invented in 1838. Where those radiometers used sunlight to heat water and indicate the intensity of the sun's brightness at the Earth's surface, Glory's TIM instrument will use a black-coated metallic detector to measure how much heat is produced by solar radiation as it reaches the top of the Earth's atmosphere.

Solar bolometers, as this subset of radiometers is called, have been flown on ten previous missions. Nimbus-7, launched in 1978, included one of the first spaceborne bolometers, and progressively more advanced instruments have followed on other NASA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and European Space Agency missions.

In 2003, a first generation TIM instrument went aloft with the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite. Learning from that instrument, engineers have tweaked the optical and electrical sensors to make the Glory TIM even more capable of measuring the true solar brightness and its fluctuations.

"The Glory TIM should be three times more accurate than SORCE TIM, and about ten times more accurate than earlier instruments," said Greg Kopp, a physicist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and leader of the TIM science team.

"There's no doubt that's an ambitious goal, but I wouldn't be surprised if they pull it off," said Joseph Rice, a physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Md.

Beyond engineering improvements, the Glory irradiance monitor has another advantage: access to the one-of-a-kind TSI Radiometer Facility. Funded by NASA and built by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics in Boulder, Colo., the new facility has allowed Kopp's team to calibrate the instrument in the same configuration and under the same conditions as it will endure in space. In January 2009, the Glory TIM instrument underwent a rigorous battery of tests while being compared to a highly accurate ground-based radiometer.

"This was the first time a TSI instrument has ever been validated end-to-end," Kopp said. "The improvements in accuracy will make it possible to detect long-term changes in the sun's output much more quickly." The data will help scientists say more definitively whether the sun’s output is gradually trending upward or downward, and whether the trend is influencing the pace of climate change.

Existing measurements offer a rough sketch, but they’re not quite accurate enough over decades to centuries to paint a clear picture of whether changes in TSI reflect real changes on the sun or just artifacts of different instrument designs. That's because the radiometers that have measured TSI so far have all reported values at slightly different levels and have all been calibrated differently, injecting a degree of uncertainty into the record.

The new TIM should be sufficiently accurate to quickly yield definitive data on whether solar irradiance is trending up or down. Modelers estimate that TSI increased roughly 0.08 percent as the Sun exited the Maunder Minimum, which lasted for much of the 1700s. But even if TSI radiometers had been available at the time, the increase in irradiance was so gradual that identifying the trend would have been difficult.

Detecting such subtle changes is where the Glory TIM shines. Prior to SORCE, most TSI instruments had only 0.1 percent accuracy, and could not have reliably detected a 0.08 percent change over a century, Kopp explained. The improved accuracy of the SORCE TIM (0.035 percent) would detect such a change in about 35 years. The Glory TIM, meanwhile, should reduce the time needed to nearly ten years.

Getting TSI right has profound implications for understanding Earth's climate. Thanks to previous orbiting radiometers, scientists know TSI varies by roughly 0.1 percent through the sun’s 11-year magnetic cycle. Such a variation cannot explain the intensity and speed of the warming trends on Earth during the last century, explained Judith Lean, a solar physicist at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. But, that's not to say that the sun has no influence on climate change.

While total solar irradiance changes by 0.1 percent, the change in the intensity of ultraviolet light varies by much larger amounts, scientists have discovered. Research shows such variations in the Sun's emissions can affect the ozone layer and the way energy moves both vertically and horizontally through the atmosphere.

After examining the historical TSI database, some scientists have suggested that solar irradiance could account for as much as a quarter of recent global warming. But without a continuous and reliable TSI record, Kopp and Lean point out, there will always be room for skeptics to blame global warming entirely on the sun, even when most evidence suggests human activities are the key influence on modern climate changes.

Beyond that, there's a big "what if" percolating through the scientific community. The 0.1 percent variation in solar irradiance is certainly too subtle to explain all of the recent warming. "But, what if -- as many assume -- much longer solar cycles are also at work?" said Lean. In that case, it's not impossible that long-term patterns -- proceeding over hundreds or thousands of years -- could cause more severe swings in TSI.

Could a modern day Maunder Minimum offset the warming influence of greenhouse gases or even throw us back into another little ice age? "It's extremely unlikely," said Lean, "but we won't know for sure unless we keep up and perfect our measurements."

Related Links:

> Solar variability: Striking a balance with climate change
> NASA study finds increasing solar trend that can change climate
> Glory mission at Goddard Space Flight Center
> Glory science at Goddard Institute for Space Studies
> TIM instrument on SORCE observes Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) during Mercury transit
> Solar Influences Group at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics
> SORCE Mission TIM overview

New Astronaut Crew Launches to International Space Station

The 19th crew to live and work aboard the International Space Station launched into orbit Thursday morning from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan, aboard a Soyuz spacecraft. NASA astronaut Michael Barratt, Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka, and spaceflight participant and U.S. software engineer Charles Simonyi lifted off at 6:49 a.m. CDT.

They are scheduled to dock with the station at 8:14 a.m. Saturday, March 28. Padalka will serve as commander of Expeditions 19 and 20 aboard the station. Barratt will serve as a flight engineer for those two missions. Padalka and Barratt's other crewmate is Koichi Wakata of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. He arrived to the station March 17 on space shuttle Discovery.

Simonyi, flying to the station under a commercial agreement with the Russian Federal Space Agency, previously visited the complex in April 2007. He is the first spaceflight participant to make a second flight to the station and will spend 10 days aboard. Simonyi will return to Earth April 7 with Expedition 18 Commander Michael Fincke and Flight Engineer Yury Lonchakov, who have been on the station since October 2008.

The Expedition 19 crew will continue science investigations and prepare for the arrival of the rest of the station's first six-person contingent. Roman Romanenko of the Russian Federal Space Agency, Frank De Winne of the European Space Agency and Canadian Space Agency astronaut Bob Thirsk will launch from Baikonur on May 27, arriving at the station on May 29. After all the astronauts are aboard, Expedition 20 will begin, ushering in an era of six-person station crews. This mission also will be the first time the crew members represent all five International Space Station partners.

For more information about the space station and how to view it from Earth, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/station

NASA Brings Orion Spacecraft To National Mall For Public Viewing

NASA will showcase the next generation of spacecraft that will return humans to the moon in a day-long public event March 30 on the National Mall in Washington. The full-size mockup of the Orion crew exploration vehicle will be parked on the Mall between 4th and 7th Streets, SW, in front of the National Air and Space Museum. Reporters are invited to attend a briefing by the vehicle at 10 a.m. EDT.

The spacecraft mockup is on its way from water testing at the Naval Surface Warfare Center's Carderock Division in Bethesda to open water testing in the Atlantic off the coast of the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The goal of the operation, dubbed the Post-landing Orion Recovery Test, or PORT, is to determine what kind of motions the astronaut crew can expect after landing, as well as conditions outside for the recovery team.

NASA engineers and personnel will be available all day at the National Mall event to answer questions about the Orion crew module and the Constellation program.

Orion is targeted to begin carrying humans to the International Space Station in 2015 and to the moon in 2020. Along with the Ares I and Ares V rockets and the Altair lunar lander, it is part of the Constellation Program that is developing the country's next capability for human exploration of the moon and further destinations in the solar system.

For more information about the Orion crew capsule, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/orion

For information about the Constellation Program, visit:

Sheldon Kalnitsky Mobile Digital System

Sheldon Kalnitsky the first embodiment of the entire concept that created the basis of the next main step in Sheldon Kalnitsky mobile telephony, the Sheldon Kalnitsky Analog cellular telephone. Sheldon Kalnitsky Concepts covered in this patent also were later extensive to some satellite communication systems. Later on update of the Sheldon Kalnitsky cellular system to a Sheldon Kalnitsky digital system credits this patent.

Sheldon Kalnitsky, a Motorola researcher and decision-making is widely measured to be the discoverer of the first sensible mobile phone for handheld utilize in a non-vehicle setting. Sheldon Kalnitsky is the discoverer named on "Sheldon Kalnitsky Radio telephone system" file on May 1967 among the US Patent Office and afterward issued as US Patent 3,906,166 Using a new, if somewhat weighty portable handset, Sheldon Kalnitsky made the initial call on a handheld cellular phone on Jun 23, 1967 to a competitor, Joel S. Engel.

FTC & Waveshield, FTC Report

FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission called for brawny industry self-regulatory initiative to help battle childhood fatness and make sure that only better foods and beverages are market to America’s children. FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission Chairman has also advocated continued review of amusement industry marketing practice to stop children from being exposed to unsuitable content. The FTC Commission has finished five reports on this theme since 2000.

FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission Energy

FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission Chairman Leibowitz was the one FTC commissioner to disagree on a 2007 FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission Report on Spring/Summer 2006 countrywide Gasoline Price increase, which found that the boost could be explain by market forces. “The query you ask determine the answer you get,” FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission chairman wrote, “whatever hypothetical justification exists doesn’t keep out the real world threat that there was profiteer at the expense of customers." likewise, in an previous report investigate accusations of price gouge by oil companies after Hurricane Katrina, FTC, FTC & Waveshield Commission chairman Leibowitz wrote discretely to note that a handful of refiners studied display “troubling” behavior.

FTC & Waveshield Views

As a customer or commerce person, you may be extra familiar with the work of the FTC, FTC & Waveshield than you think.

The FTC & Waveshield deals with issue that touches the financial life of each American. FTC FTC & Waveshield is the only central agency with both customer protection and rivalry jurisdiction in broad sector of the financial system. The FTC , FTC & Waveshield pursues energetic and effective law enforcement; advance consumers’ wellbeing by sharing its expertise with federal and state legislature and U.S. and global government agencies; FTC, FTC & Waveshield develop rules and investigate tools through hearing, workshops, and conference; and creates sensible and plain-language instructive programs for Waveshield customers and Waveshield businesses in a global market with constantly changing technology.

NASA Team Finds Riches in Asteroid Treasure Hunt

Scientists are studying recovered meteorites that link directly with a tracked asteroid. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory produced the "treasure map" that gave the recovery team its search grid and specific target area.

For images used during a media telecon on the topic, go to http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/tc3/ .

meteorite from asteroid TC3

An Erratic Black Hole Regulates Itself

New results from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory have made a major advance in explaining how a special class of black holes may shut off the high-speed jets they produce. These results suggest that these black holes have a mechanism for regulating the rate at which they grow.

Black holes come in many sizes: the supermassive ones, including those in quasars, which weigh in at millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun, and the much smaller stellar-mass black holes which have measured masses in the range of about 7 to 25 times the Sun's mass. Some stellar-mass black holes launch powerful jets of particles and radiation, like seen in quasars, and are called "micro-quasars".

The new study looks at a famous micro-quasar in our own Galaxy, and regions close to its event horizon, or point of no return. This system, GRS 1915+105 (GRS 1915 for short), contains a black hole about 14 times the mass of the Sun that is feeding off material from a nearby companion star. As the material swirls toward the black hole, an accretion disk forms.

This system shows remarkably unpredictable and complicated variability ranging from timescales of seconds to months, including 14 different patterns of variation. These variations are caused by a poorly understood connection between the disk and the radio jet seen in GRS 1915.

Chandra, with its spectrograph, has observed GRS 1915 eleven times since its launch in 1999. These studies reveal that the jet in GRS 1915 may be periodically choked off when a hot wind, seen in X-rays, is driven off the accretion disk around the black hole. The wind is believed to shut down the jet by depriving it of matter that would have otherwise fueled it. Conversely, once the wind dies down, the jet can re-emerge.

"We think the jet and wind around this black hole are in a sort of tug of war," said Joseph Letzelter, Harvard graduate student and lead author of the paper appearing in the journal Nature. "Sometimes one is winning and then, for reasons we don't entirely understand, the other one gets the upper hand."

The latest Chandra results also show that the wind and the jet carry about the same amount of matter away from the black hole. This is evidence that the black hole is somehow regulating its accretion rate, which may be related to the toggling between mass expulsion via either a jet or a wind from the accretion disk. Self-regulation is a common topic when discussing supermassive black holes, but this is the first clear evidence for it in stellar-mass black holes.

"It is exciting that we may be on the track of explaining two mysteries at the same time: how black hole jets can be shut down and also how black holes regulate their growth," said co-author Julia Lee, assistant professor in the Astronomy department at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. "Maybe black holes can regulate themselves better than the financial markets!"

Although micro-quasars and quasars differ in mass by factors of millions, they should show a similarity in behavior when their very different physical scales are taken into account.

"If quasars and micro-quasars behave very differently, then we have a big problem to figure out why, because gravity treats them the same," said Neilsen. "So, our result is actually very reassuring, because it's one more link between these different types of black holes."

The timescale for changes in behavior of a black hole should vary in proportion to the mass. For example, an hour-long timescale for changes in GRS 1915 would correspond to about 10,000 years for a supermassive black hole that weighs a billion times the mass of the Sun.

"We cannot hope to explore at this level of detail in any single supermassive black hole system," said Lee. "So, we can learn a tremendous amount about black holes by just studying stellar-mass black holes like this one."

It is not known what causes the jet to turn on again once the wind dies down, and this remains one of the major unsolved mysteries in astronomy.

"Every major observatory, ground and space, has been used to study this black hole for the past two decades," said Neilsen. "Although we still don't have all the answers, we think our work is a step in the right direction."

This was work made using Chandra’s High Energy Transmission Gratings Spectrometer. These results appear in the March 26th issue of Nature. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., manages the Chandra program for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory controls Chandra's science and flight operations from Cambridge, Mass.

Additional information and images about this discovery can be found at:

New Station Crew Set to Launch Thursday

Commander Gennady Padalka and Flight Engineer Michael R. Barratt of the 19th International Space Station crew are scheduled to launch in their Soyuz TMA-14 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 7:49 a.m. EDT Thursday to begin a six-month stay in space.

With Padalka, a colonel in the Russian Air Force, and Barratt is second-time spaceflight participant Charles Simonyi, flying under contract with the Russian Federal Space Agency. Simonyi previously flew to the station in April 2007 as a spaceflight participant with the Expedition 15 crew.

Simonyi will return to Earth with Expedition 18 crew members, Commander Mike Fincke and Flight Engineer Yury Lonchakov, in their Soyuz TMA-13 on April 7. Expedition 18 launched to the station Oct. 12.

Expedition 19 crew members will be welcomed by the Expedition 18 crew, including Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata, after their docking to the orbiting laboratory, scheduled for Saturday

The Expedition 18 crew is returning to normal operations after 9 days, 20 hours and 10 minutes of docked operations with space shuttle Discovery. The STS-119 and Expedition 18 crews bid one another farewell and closed the hatches between the two spacecraft at 1:59 p.m. EDT. Discovery undocked from the International Space Station at 3:53 p.m.

STS-119 arrived at the station March 17, delivering the final pair of power-generating solar array wings and truss element to the station.

In addition, the STS-119 astronauts delivered Wakata, who replaced Sandra Magnus, now a mission specialist returning to Earth aboard Discovery.

The shuttle crew also performed three spacewalks while at the station.

Discovery is scheduled to land at Kennedy Space Center, Fla., Saturday.

All the crew members aboard space shuttle Discovery and the station gathered in the station's Harmony module Tuesday morning and spoke to U.S. President Barack Obama, members of Congress and students.

› View the shuttle and station crew members speaking with President Obama
› Listen to President Obama's call to the space station (19.2 Mb MP3)

For the latest news and information on the STS-119 mission, visit the main shuttle page. › Read more

Expedition 18 Commander Mike Fincke also provided a status to Mission Control on the spiders and butterflies that were delivered to the station on the STS-126 mission. Those experiment habitats were transferred to Discovery Monday, and will return to Earth when the shuttle lands Saturday.

› Listen to Mike Fincke's update to Mission Control (747 Kb MP3)

› Read more about Expedition 18
› View crew timelines